The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (3)
Introduction
Toh 155
Degé Kangyur, vol. 58 (mdo sde, pa), folios 205.a–205.b
- Surendrabodhi
- Yeshé Dé
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Translated by the Sakya Pandita Translation Group (Tsechen Kunchab Ling Division)
under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha
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Table of Contents
Summary
In this very short sūtra, the Buddha explains to a nāga king and an assembly of monks that reciting the four aphorisms of the Dharma is equivalent to recitation of all of the 84,000 articles of the Dharma. He urges them to make diligent efforts to engage in understanding the four aphorisms (also called the four seals), which are the defining philosophical tenets of the Buddhist doctrine: (1) all compounded phenomena are impermanent; (2) all contaminated phenomena are suffering; (3) all phenomena are without self; (4) nirvāṇa is peace.
Acknowledgments
Translated by the Sakya Pandita Translation Group (Tsechen Kunchab Ling Division), comprising Venerable Khenpo Kalsang Gyaltsen and Reverend Dr. Chodrung Kunga Chodron.
This translation has been completed under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha.
Introduction
In the Tibetan canon there are three sūtras entitled The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (Sāgaranāgarājaparipṛcchā): a long version (Toh 153),1 one of middle length (Toh 154),2 and a short sūtra (Toh 155).3 They have quite different contents and are all to be found in a group of sūtras in the Kangyur entitled “The Questions of…” (…paripṛcchā), including The Questions of Brahmā, The Questions of Mañjuśrī, The Questions of an Old Lady, and several others. There is also another nāga king whose questions were the occasion for a sūtra in this group, entitled The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta (Anavataptanāgarājaparipṛcchā), Toh 156.4
The text translated here is the shortest of the three Sāgaranāgarājaparipṛcchā sūtras. The Buddha’s teaching of this very brief sūtra to an assembly of monks is presumed—from the title—to be in response to a question or questions put to him by a king of the supernatural beings known as nāgas, serpents who guard the Dharma, although in this sūtra the questions themselves are not explicitly stated. The Buddha explains that recitation of the four aphorisms of the Dharma is equivalent to recitation of all of the 84,000 articles of the Dharma, and that they constitute the inexhaustible doctrine of the bodhisattvas. The four are:
all compounded phenomena are impermanent (anitya);all contaminated phenomena are suffering (duḥkha);all phenomena are without self (anātman);
These four aphorisms, or tenets—also called the four seals—are central to Buddhist philosophy and characterize the Buddhist view of the nature of reality. The Buddha stated that any doctrine characterized by these four seals is genuinely in accord with the philosophical view of Buddhism, just as a document purportedly written by a king that has the proper seals is known as genuine. Because the concepts of anitya(tva), duḥkha, anātman, and nirvāṇa are central to the Buddhist philosophical view, over the centuries, countless commentaries and elaborations on these concepts have been written by scholars from every Buddhist tradition.5 Various sūtras and commentaries focus on one, two, three, or all four of the concepts.6
Indian texts speak of the four aphorisms of the Dharma as well as of the four seals. The Sanskrit of the four aphorisms can be extracted from Vasubandhu’s commentary to verse XVIII.80 of the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra of Asaṅga (fifth century ᴄᴇ):
sarvasaṃskārā anityāḥ (all compounded phenomena are impermanent);sarvasaṃskārā duḥkhāḥ (all compounded phenomena are suffering);sarvadharmā anātmānaḥ (all phenomena are without self);
The same four aphorisms are listed and described in chapter 17 of Asaṅga’s Bodhisattvabhūmi.8 The only minor difference in these formulations of them, compared to the four aphorisms as set out in the present sūtra, is that here the second aphorism does not speak of “all contaminated phenomena,” but simply “all compounded phenomena.”9
Although this sūtra’s Sanskrit original is no longer extant, the colophon to the Tibetan translation of the sūtra tells us that it was translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan by the Indian preceptor Surendrabodhi and the Tibetan editor-translator Yeshé Dé (ye shes sde). We can thus infer that this sūtra was translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan sometime during the late eighth to early ninth century.
This sūtra is also included in the Chinese Buddhist canon (Taishō 599).10 Both the Tibetan and Chinese versions of the sūtra are very similar in their brevity, meaning, and story line, although there are a few minor differences between them.11 A twelfth-century fragment containing this sūtra in the Tangut, or Xixia,12 language was discovered, among other pieces of the Tangut canon, at Khara-khoto along the ancient Silk Road by the British explorer Sir Aurel Stein during his 1913–16 journey.13 Now in the British Museum, the Tangut version is very close to the Chinese version, indicating that it was likely translated from the Chinese.14
There are two other notable English translations from the Tibetan: one by Geshe Lhakdor in 2010 for a workshop presented at the India Habitat Centre in Delhi under the auspices of the Foundation for Universal Responsibility,15 and the most recent translation by Peter Skilling, along with helpful notes, in his 2021 anthology Questioning the Buddha: A Selection of Twenty-Five Sutras.16
The present translation from Tibetan is based on the version in the Degé (sde dge) Kangyur, with reference to the differences between this and various other versions noted in the Pedurma (dpe bsdur ma) comparative edition of the Degé Kangyur.
Text Body
The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara
The Translation
Thus did I hear at one time. The Bhagavān [F.205.b] was dwelling at the place of the nāga king Sāgara together with a great assembly of 1,250 bhikṣus as well as a multitude of bodhisattva mahāsattvas. At that time the Bhagavān said to the nāga king Sāgara:
“Lord of the nāgas, if one utters these four aphorisms of the Dharma, in uttering them one is expressing all of the 84,000 articles of the Dharma. What are the four? They are as follows:
“To fully engage in understanding the inexhaustible doctrine of the bodhisattva mahāsattvas that all compounded phenomena are impermanent; to fully engage in understanding the inexhaustible doctrine of the bodhisattva mahāsattvas that all contaminated phenomena are suffering; to fully engage in understanding the inexhaustible doctrine of the bodhisattva mahāsattvas that all phenomena are without self; and to fully engage in understanding the inexhaustible doctrine of the bodhisattva mahāsattvas that nirvāṇa is peace.17
“Lord of the nāgas, if one utters these four aphorisms of the Dharma, in uttering them one is expressing all of the 84,000 articles of the Dharma.”
When the Bhagavān had spoken in this way, the bhikṣus and bodhisattvas rejoiced and greatly praised the teachings of the Bhagavān.
This completes The Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra, “The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara.”
Notes
Bibliography
’phags pa klu’i rgyal po rgya mtshos zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo (Āryasāgaranāgarājaparipṛcchānāmamahāyanasūtra), Toh 155, Degé Kangyur vol. 58 (mdo sde, pha), folios 205.a–205.b.
’phags pa klu’i rgyal po rgya mtshos zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo. bka’ ’gyur (dpe bsdur ma) [Comparative Edition of the Kangyur], krung go’i bod rig pa zhib ’jug ste gnas kyi bka’ bstan dpe sdur khang (The Tibetan Tripitaka Collation Bureau of the China Tibetology Research Center). 108 volumes. Beijing: krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang (China Tibetology Publishing House), 2006–9, vol. 58, pp. 557–58.
Sāgaranāgarājaparipṛcchānāmamahāyānasūtra, Fo wei hai long wang shuo fa yin jing (佛為海龍王說法, “The Dharma-Seal Sūtra Spoken by the Buddha for the Nāga King Sāgara”). Taishō 599.
The Dharma-Seal Sutra Spoken by the Buddha for Ocean Dragon King. (English translation from Chinese). Retrieved October 12, 2011, from fodian.net.
Dhammapada. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Selangor Buddhist Vipassana Society, 2004.
Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (2) (Sāgaranāgarājaparipṛcchā, Toh 154). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.
———, trans. The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (1) (Sāgaranāgarājaparipṛcchā, Toh 153). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2021.
———, trans. The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta (Anavataptanāgarājaparipṛcchā, Toh 156). 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024.
Dutt, Nalinaksha, ed. Bodhisattvabhūmiḥ. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1978.
Edgerton, F. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1985.
Engle, Artemus B., trans. The Bodhisattva Path to Unsurpassed Enlightenment: A Complete Translation of the Bodhisattvabhūmi. Tsadra Foundation Series. Boston: Snow Lion, 2016.
Grinstead, E.D. “The Dragon King of the Sea.” The British Museum Quarterly 31 (3/4, 1967): 96–100.
Jamspal, L. et al. The Universal Vehicle Discourse Literature (Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra) by Maitreyanātha/Āryāsaṅga Together with its Commentary (Bhāṣya) by Vasubandhu. Translated from the Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Chinese by L. Jamspal, R. Clark, J. Wilson, L. Zwilling, M. Sweet, R. Thurman. Tanjur Translation Initiative. Treasury of Buddhist Sciences Series. New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University, 2004.
Keown, D. (2004). “I-Ching.” In A Dictionary of Buddhism. Retrieved 12, 2011, from encyclopedia.com.
Khyentse, Dzongsar Jamyang. What Makes You Not a Buddhist. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2007.
Lévi, Sylvain. Asaṅga. Mahāyāna-Sūtrālaṃkāra, Exposé de la doctrine du grand véhicule selon le système Yogācāra, édité et traduit par Sylvain Lévi. Bibliothèque de l’École des Hautes Études, sciences historiques et philologiques, fascicules 159 et 190, Tome I - Texte (1907), Tome II - Traduction, introduction, index (1911). Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1907, 1911.
Lhakdor, Geshe. (2010). Short Sutra on the Four Seals. The Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama (www.furhhdl.org). Retrieved October 12, 2011, from furhhdl.org.
Nie Hongyin 聂鸿 (2007). “Ying zang xixiawen ‘Hai long wang jing’ kaobu” (英藏西夏文《海龙王经》考补). In Ningxia Shehui Kexue 宁夏社会科学, Social Sciences in Ningxia 1: 90–92. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Social Sciences in Ningxia.
Skilling, Peter. Questioning the Buddha: A Selection of Twenty-Five Sutras. Somerville: Wisdom Publications, 2021.
Stanley, D. P. The Threefold Formal, Practical, and Inclusive Canons of Tibetan Buddhism in the Context of a Pan-Asian Paradigm. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Virginia, 2009.
Wogihara, Unrai, ed. Bodhisattvabhūmiḥ. Reprint edition. Tokyo: Sankibo Buddhist Book Store, 1978.
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bhikṣu
- dge slong
- དགེ་སློང་།
- bhikṣu
compounded phenomena
- ’du byed
- འདུ་བྱེད།
- saṃskāra
contaminated phenomena
- zag pa dang bcas pa
- ཟག་པ་དང་བཅས་པ།
- sāsrava
four aphorisms of the Dharma
- chos kyi mdo bzhi
- ཆོས་ཀྱི་མདོ་བཞི།
- dharmoddānacatuṣṭaya
four seals
- phyag rgya bzhi
- ཕྱག་རྒྱ་བཞི།
- caturmudrā
impermanent
- mi rtag pa
- མི་རྟག་པ།
- anitya
Nāga King Sāgara
- klu’i rgyal po rgya mtsho
- ཀླུའི་རྒྱལ་པོ་རྒྱ་མཚོ།
- sāgaranāgarāja
nirvāṇa
- mya ngan las ’das pa
- མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ།
- nirvāṇa
peaceful
- zhi ba
- ཞི་བ།
- śānta
- śānti
suffering
- sdug bsngal ba
- སྡུག་བསྔལ་བ།
- duḥkha
without self
- bdag med pa
- བདག་མེད་པ།
- anātman